本章所要论述的,和上文所说的“投出修辞法”,其路径完全不同。也就是通过对外物的联想来解释自己。这里将如此完全相反的两者,同时并置为文学的修辞手段,其可行性是无可怀疑的。我相信“投出修辞法”是文学的手段,而“投入修辞法”也是文学的手段,这两者看上去似乎是背道而驰,而其目标却是一致的。需要对此加以论述,以释读者之疑。
“投出修辞法”就是人将自己投射出去,附于他物,这一点上文已有论述。若说把自己投出,便不能不产生这样的疑问:把自己的什么投出去呢?是情,是意,还是知性呢?征之前章所举诸例,或泛考古今文学,最多的似乎是“老天哭了”之类,其次似乎是“星星眨眼”之类。哭,近乎我们的情之语;眨眼则近似我们的动作之语。若用前篇所论述的“文学性材料”这一术语来说,哭,就属于“人事的材料”;眨眼,从视为我们的动作这一点看来,便属于“感觉的材料”。可见,所谓“投出修辞法”,就是以人事的或感觉的材料,来说明其他的事物。从狭义上说,虽然同是人事的、感觉的材料,只有足以打动更多的人,才能说明人事材料之意义。再狭义一点,不妨也可以说,用最能动我情的材料即人事的材料,来说明一切其他材料者,就是所谓“投出修辞法”。因而,若以最正确的、最标准的表述而论,可以认为“投出修辞法”是人事的材料对 我这里所谓的“投入修辞法”,归根到底是指为了使人类行为状态的印象更加明晰,而把外物投入进去,这与利用人事的材料来理解外物的“投出修辞法”是互为争雄的。这一点由上文的解释,应该大体清楚了。试举“投入修辞法”的例子如下:
“They that stand high have many sts to shake them.”
— Richard III, Act I. sc. iii. l. 259.
这是将人的苦闷解释为风中乔木之苦。如仅仅以“人事的材料”来表现的话,无论如何也产生不出这样的感兴,而且也不会如此简洁。
“And as a willow keeps
A patient watch over the stream that creeps
Windingly by it, so the quiet maid
Held her in peace.”
— Keats, Endymion, Bk. I. ll. 446-9.
写心灵的无形无色的平静,借助这样的“感觉的材料”,然后才会产生如此鲜明的印象。
尤其是在描写女人的容貌时,写多了则不得要领,欲得要领,便难以产生所期望得到的印象,所以诗人为描写美人而恰当地使用“感觉的材料”,或比于花,或比于月,或一切美的外物,这就是“投入修辞法”。
“Parting they seem’d to tread upon the air,
Twin roses by the zephyr blown apart
Only to meet again more close, and share
The inward fragrance of each other’s heart.”
— Keats, Isabe, st. x.
“There was a Woman, beautiful as morning.”
— Shelley, Laon and Cythna, Can. I. st. xvi.
“Be she fairer than the Day
Or the f lowery meads in May;
If she be not so to me,
What care I how fair she be!”
— George Wither[1] , Fair Virtue, So iv.
“morning”和“day”都是极其含糊的字眼儿,在明了、精致、细腻方面,远不如济慈的作品。然而在使用一个词而整体形容美人这一点上,不失为颇为可观的“投入修辞法”。虽然有过于单纯、缺乏委曲婉转之缺憾,也要比拖沓啰嗦、散漫、支离破碎要好得多。而况“day”以至“morning”,虽说不免有点陈腐,却把明眸皓齿的美艳,写得栩栩如生。(关于单纯的叙事方法与复杂的叙事方法的长短优劣,上文在论述文学家与科学家的态度时已有解说,在此不赘。)
“He was a lovely Youth ! I guess
The panther in the wilderness
Was not so fair as he;
And, when he chose to sport and y,
No dolphin ever was so gay
Upon the tropic sea.”
— Wordsworth, Ruth.
这里的青年和豹子、海豚的联想,不能说是很妥当吧。在东方,称武人为貔貅,认为其美不在外形,而在勇猛的性格,两者不可同日而语。西方人觉得如何我不得而知,但我不认为这种“投入修辞法”是成功的。
“Why, thou globe of sinful continents, what a life dost thou lead!”
— Henry IV, Act II. sc. iv. ll. 309-10.
这是亨利王子对于福斯塔夫所说的话,形容福斯塔夫的大腹便便,好似圆鼓,可以说是非常巧妙。下面一句,其夸张的联想,也不禁教人捧腹大笑:
“A highly respectable man as a German,
Who smoked like a chimney, and drank like a Merman.”
— Ingoldsby Legends, The Lay of St. Odille.
虽然有点冗长,最后还要举出持续的“投入修辞法”的一个好例,以结束此章。
“A man is a bubble (said the Greek proverb), which Lucian represent with advantages and its proper circumstances, to this purpose, saying: All the world is a storm, and men rise up in their several generations like bubbles descending from God and the dew of heaven, from a tear and a drop of man, from nature and Providence; and some of these instantly sink into the deluge of their f irst parent, and are hidden in a sheet of water, having had no other business in the world but to be born, that they might be able to die; others f loat up and down two or three turns, and suddenly disappear and give their ce to others: and they that live longest upon the face of the waters are in perpetual motion, restless and uneasy, and, being crushed with the great drop of a cloud, sink into ftness and a froth; the change not being great, it being hardly possible it should he more a nothing than it was before.”(以下省略)
— Jeremy Taylor, Holy Dying, chap. i.
* * *
[1]乔治·威瑟(George Wither, 1588—1667),英国诗人,代表作有《牧人狩猎》、《哈利路亚》等。